battle of kircholm

The infantry battalions formed in squares of thirty by thirty, with pikemen in the center and shot on the edges, and gaps between the squares allowed passage of their cavalry. Charles' force was formed into four lines on the crest of a ride, with the first line consisting of four infantry battalions, cavalry in the second line, six infantry battalions in the third line and cavalry in the fourth line. The Swedes under Charles thought that the Lithuanians and supporting Poles were retreating and therefore advanced to the bottom of the slope, using his second line of cavalry to cover his flanks while the first line of infantry closed up. After the defeat, the Swedish king was forced to abandon the siege of Riga and withdraw by ship back across the Baltic Seato Sweden and to relinquish control of northern Latvia and Estonia. 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